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100	1		_aElizabeth Suzanne Kassab
245	1	0	_aEnlightenment on the Eve of the Revolution: _bThe Egyptian and Syrian Debates
264		1	_aNew York: _bColumbia University Press, _c2019
300			_a226 p., _c23 cm
504			_aIncludes bibliographical references and index.
505	0		_aCairo -- Secularist, governmental and Islamist tanwir debates in Egypt in the 1990s -- The deconstruction of the 1990s Egyptian tanwir debate by Egyptian critics at the turn of the millennium -- Damascus -- Tanwir debates in Syria in the 1990s : the Sisyphean moment -- Tanwir and the Damascus Spring at the turn of the millennium : the promethean moment -- Conclusion : tanwir as political humanism.
520			_aThe two decades that preceded the 2011 revolutions in Egypt and Syria, especially the 1990s, witnessed animated debates on "tanwir," the Arabic version of Enlightenment ideas that date to the nahda, or Arab cultural renaissance, movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. At the turn of the millennium Egyptian and Syrian societies suffered the worsening impact of corrupt and autocratic regimes in almost every aspect of life. All efforts at protest and change had failed, leaving people with a deep sense of helplessness. State violence, repression, censorship, the absence of the rule of law, and pauperization, as well as the collapse of health and education, had traumatized these countries and exhausted their people. Various sectors of society, including workers, students, women, peasants and intellectuals had tried to oppose, resist, and reform but to no avail. The ominous sociopolitical, economic, and cultural consequences and the frustration and anxiety that they engendered resulted in the tanwir debates on the eve of the sweeping revolts of 2011. In both countries, Egypt and Syria, they addressed issues of human dignity, liberty, tolerance, reason, education, human rights, and democracy. What were the concerns, ideas, and values articulated in the debates? To what extent did they relate to what was expressed a few years later in the popular uprisings that took place in the cities and provinces of Syria and Egypt? Enlightenment on the Eve of Revolution provides answers to these questions.
650		0	_aIslam and secularism _zEgypt
650		0	_aIslam and secularism _zSyria
650		0	_aIslam and state _zEgypt
650		0	_aIslam and state _zSyria
650		0	_aCivil society _zEgypt
650		0	_aCivil society _zSyria
650		0	_aEnlightenment _zEgypt
650		0	_aEnlightenment _zSyria
651		0	_aEgypt _xIntellectual life _y20th century
651		0	_aEgypt _xIntellectual life _y21st century
651		0	_aSyria _xIntellectual life _y20th century
651		0	_aSyria _xIntellectual life _y21st century
942			_2ddc _cBK